© 2025 American Dental Association l 127
References
440. Food and Water Watch et al. v. United States Environmental Protection Agency et al. (17-cv-02162-EMC). United States District Court
Northern District of California 2024. Accessed May 13, 2025. https://www.cand.uscourts.gov/food-and-water-watch-v-us-epa/.
441. Campaign for Dental Health. Decision in EPA case: as flawed as the analysis it’s based on. 2024. Accessed March 21, 2025.
https://ilikemyteeth.org/decision-in-epa-case-as-flawed-as-the-analysis-its-based-on/.
442. American Association for Dental Oral and Craniofacial Research. AADOCR continues to support community water fluoridation. 2024.
Accessed January 31, 2025. https://www.aadocr.org/science-policy/aadocr-continues-support-community-water-fluoridation.
443. McNeil DR. The fight for fluoridation: Oxford University Press 1957 Oxford, England.
444. Newbrun E. The fluoridation war: a scientific dispute or a religious argument? J Public Health Dent. 1996 56(5 Spec No):246–252.
445. Scott DB. The dawn of a new era. J Public Health Dent. 1996 56(5 Spec No):235–238.
446. Lamberg M, Hausen H, Vartiainen T. Symptoms experienced during periods of actual and supposed water fluoridation. Community Dent Oral
Epidemiol. 1997 25(4):291–295.
447. Sanders AE, Divaris K, Godebo TR, Slade GD. Effect of bottled fluoridated water to prevent dental caries in primary teeth: study protocol
for a phase 2 parallel-group 3.5–year randomized controlled clinical trial (waterBEST). Trials. 2024 25(1):167.
448. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. waterBEST A research study of children’s dental health. Accessed March 21, 2025.
https://waterbeststudy.com/.
449. Hazard vs outrage: public perception of fluoridation risks. J Public Health Dent. 1990 50(4):285–287.
450. Reekie D. Fear of fluoride. Br Dent J. 2017 222(1):16–18.
451. Mertz A, Allukian M. Community water fluoridation on the Internet and social media. J Mass Dent Soc. 2014 63(2):32–36.
452. Seymour B, Getman R, Saraf A, Zhang LH, Kalenderian E. When advocacy obscures accuracy online: digital pandemics of public health
misinformation through an antifluoride case study. Am J Public Health. 2015 105(3):517–523.
453. Armfield JM. When public action undermines public health: a critical examination of antifluoridationist literature. Aust New Zealand Health
Policy. 2007 4(1):25.
454. Neenan ME. Obstacles to extending fluoridation in the United States. Community Dent Health. 1996 13(Suppl 2):10–20.
455. Lowry RJ. Antifluoridation propaganda material—the tricks of the trade. Br Dent J. 2000 189(10):528–530.
456. Easley MW. The new antifluoridationists: who are they and how do they operate? J Public Health Dent. 1985 45(3):133–141.
457. Analyzing selected criticisms of water fluoridation. J Can Dent Assoc. 1981 47(3):i-xii.
458. Fluoride Action Network. Communities That have rejected fluoridation. 2024. Accessed March 24, 2025. https://fluoridealert.org/take-
action/success-stories/.
459. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Populations receiving optimally fluoridated public drinking water—United States, 2000.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002 51(7):144–147.
460. US Census Bureau. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2023/cities/totals/.
461. Frazier PJ. Fluoridation: a review of social research. J Public Health Dent. 1980 40(3):214–233.
462. Margolis FJ, Cohen SN. Successful and unsuccessful experiences in combating the antifluoridationists. Pediatrics. 1985 76(1):113–118.
463. Wulf CA, Hughes KF, Smith KG, Easley MW. Abuse of the scientific literature in an antifluoridation pamphlet. Columbus, OH: American Oral
Health Institute Press 1988. Accessed March 25, 2025. https://centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/quackwatch/abuse.pdf.
464. Oza A. With a push from RFK Jr., baseless fears about fluoride go mainstream. STAT Health 2024. Accessed March 20, 2025.
https://www.statnews.com/2024/11/13/fluoride-drinking-water-science-behind-controversy-rfk-jr/.
465. The British Fluoridation Society. Extent of water fluoridation. 2020. Accessed March 24, 2025. https://bfsweb.org/extent/.
466. The British Fluoridation Society. One in a million: the facts about water fluoridation. UK: 2012. Accessed March 24, 2025.
https://bfsweb.org/one-in-a-million/#1344-1344-wpfd-one-in-a-million-p2.
467. European Commission. Drinking water: Overview. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/water/drinking-
water_en.
468. Marthaler TM. Water fluoridation results in Basel since 1962: health and political implications. J Public Health Dent. 1996 56(5 Spec
No):265–270.
469. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the United States.
MMWR Recomm Rep. 2001 50(RR-14):1–42.
470. Santos MJMC, Zare E, McDermott P, Santos Junior GC. Multifactorial contributors to the longevity of dental restorations: an integrated
review of related factors. Dent J. (Basel) 2024 12(9).
471. O’Connell J, Rockell J, Ouellet J, Tomar SL, Maas W. Costs and savings associated with community water fluoridation in the United States.
Health Aff. (Millwood) 2016 35(12):2224–2232.
472. Ran T, Chattopadhyay SK, Community Preventive Services Task F. Economic evaluation of community water fluoridation: a community guide
systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2016 50(6):790–796.
473. Marino R, Zaror C. Economic evaluations in water-fluoridation: a scoping review. BMC Oral Health. 2020 20(1):115.
474. American Dental Association. Dental fees: results from the 2020 survey of dental fees. 2020. https://ebusiness.ada.org/Assets/docs/85994.pdf.
475. White BA, Antczak-Bouckoms AA, Weinstein MC. Issues in the economic evaluation of community water fluoridation. J Dent Educ.
1989 53(11):646–657.
476. Kumar JV, Adekugbe O, Melnik TA. Geographic variation in medicaid claims for dental procedures in New York State: role of fluoridation under
contemporary conditions. Public Health Rep. 2010 125(5):647–654.
References
440. Food and Water Watch et al. v. United States Environmental Protection Agency et al. (17-cv-02162-EMC). United States District Court
Northern District of California 2024. Accessed May 13, 2025. https://www.cand.uscourts.gov/food-and-water-watch-v-us-epa/.
441. Campaign for Dental Health. Decision in EPA case: as flawed as the analysis it’s based on. 2024. Accessed March 21, 2025.
https://ilikemyteeth.org/decision-in-epa-case-as-flawed-as-the-analysis-its-based-on/.
442. American Association for Dental Oral and Craniofacial Research. AADOCR continues to support community water fluoridation. 2024.
Accessed January 31, 2025. https://www.aadocr.org/science-policy/aadocr-continues-support-community-water-fluoridation.
443. McNeil DR. The fight for fluoridation: Oxford University Press 1957 Oxford, England.
444. Newbrun E. The fluoridation war: a scientific dispute or a religious argument? J Public Health Dent. 1996 56(5 Spec No):246–252.
445. Scott DB. The dawn of a new era. J Public Health Dent. 1996 56(5 Spec No):235–238.
446. Lamberg M, Hausen H, Vartiainen T. Symptoms experienced during periods of actual and supposed water fluoridation. Community Dent Oral
Epidemiol. 1997 25(4):291–295.
447. Sanders AE, Divaris K, Godebo TR, Slade GD. Effect of bottled fluoridated water to prevent dental caries in primary teeth: study protocol
for a phase 2 parallel-group 3.5–year randomized controlled clinical trial (waterBEST). Trials. 2024 25(1):167.
448. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. waterBEST A research study of children’s dental health. Accessed March 21, 2025.
https://waterbeststudy.com/.
449. Hazard vs outrage: public perception of fluoridation risks. J Public Health Dent. 1990 50(4):285–287.
450. Reekie D. Fear of fluoride. Br Dent J. 2017 222(1):16–18.
451. Mertz A, Allukian M. Community water fluoridation on the Internet and social media. J Mass Dent Soc. 2014 63(2):32–36.
452. Seymour B, Getman R, Saraf A, Zhang LH, Kalenderian E. When advocacy obscures accuracy online: digital pandemics of public health
misinformation through an antifluoride case study. Am J Public Health. 2015 105(3):517–523.
453. Armfield JM. When public action undermines public health: a critical examination of antifluoridationist literature. Aust New Zealand Health
Policy. 2007 4(1):25.
454. Neenan ME. Obstacles to extending fluoridation in the United States. Community Dent Health. 1996 13(Suppl 2):10–20.
455. Lowry RJ. Antifluoridation propaganda material—the tricks of the trade. Br Dent J. 2000 189(10):528–530.
456. Easley MW. The new antifluoridationists: who are they and how do they operate? J Public Health Dent. 1985 45(3):133–141.
457. Analyzing selected criticisms of water fluoridation. J Can Dent Assoc. 1981 47(3):i-xii.
458. Fluoride Action Network. Communities That have rejected fluoridation. 2024. Accessed March 24, 2025. https://fluoridealert.org/take-
action/success-stories/.
459. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Populations receiving optimally fluoridated public drinking water—United States, 2000.
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002 51(7):144–147.
460. US Census Bureau. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/tables/2020-2023/cities/totals/.
461. Frazier PJ. Fluoridation: a review of social research. J Public Health Dent. 1980 40(3):214–233.
462. Margolis FJ, Cohen SN. Successful and unsuccessful experiences in combating the antifluoridationists. Pediatrics. 1985 76(1):113–118.
463. Wulf CA, Hughes KF, Smith KG, Easley MW. Abuse of the scientific literature in an antifluoridation pamphlet. Columbus, OH: American Oral
Health Institute Press 1988. Accessed March 25, 2025. https://centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/quackwatch/abuse.pdf.
464. Oza A. With a push from RFK Jr., baseless fears about fluoride go mainstream. STAT Health 2024. Accessed March 20, 2025.
https://www.statnews.com/2024/11/13/fluoride-drinking-water-science-behind-controversy-rfk-jr/.
465. The British Fluoridation Society. Extent of water fluoridation. 2020. Accessed March 24, 2025. https://bfsweb.org/extent/.
466. The British Fluoridation Society. One in a million: the facts about water fluoridation. UK: 2012. Accessed March 24, 2025.
https://bfsweb.org/one-in-a-million/#1344-1344-wpfd-one-in-a-million-p2.
467. European Commission. Drinking water: Overview. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/water/drinking-
water_en.
468. Marthaler TM. Water fluoridation results in Basel since 1962: health and political implications. J Public Health Dent. 1996 56(5 Spec
No):265–270.
469. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the United States.
MMWR Recomm Rep. 2001 50(RR-14):1–42.
470. Santos MJMC, Zare E, McDermott P, Santos Junior GC. Multifactorial contributors to the longevity of dental restorations: an integrated
review of related factors. Dent J. (Basel) 2024 12(9).
471. O’Connell J, Rockell J, Ouellet J, Tomar SL, Maas W. Costs and savings associated with community water fluoridation in the United States.
Health Aff. (Millwood) 2016 35(12):2224–2232.
472. Ran T, Chattopadhyay SK, Community Preventive Services Task F. Economic evaluation of community water fluoridation: a community guide
systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2016 50(6):790–796.
473. Marino R, Zaror C. Economic evaluations in water-fluoridation: a scoping review. BMC Oral Health. 2020 20(1):115.
474. American Dental Association. Dental fees: results from the 2020 survey of dental fees. 2020. https://ebusiness.ada.org/Assets/docs/85994.pdf.
475. White BA, Antczak-Bouckoms AA, Weinstein MC. Issues in the economic evaluation of community water fluoridation. J Dent Educ.
1989 53(11):646–657.
476. Kumar JV, Adekugbe O, Melnik TA. Geographic variation in medicaid claims for dental procedures in New York State: role of fluoridation under
contemporary conditions. Public Health Rep. 2010 125(5):647–654.
