© 2025 American Dental Association l 115
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33. Chaitanya NCSK, Karunakar P, Allam NSJ, et al. A systematic analysis on possibility of water fluoridation causing hypothyroidism.
Indian J Dent Res. 2018 29(3):358–363.
34. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). Information paper – water fluoridation: dental and other human health outcomes,
report prepared by the Clinical Trials Centre at University of Sydney, NHMRC Canberra, Australia. 2017. Accessed March 25, 2025.
https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/publications/water-fluoridation-dental-and-other-human-health-outcomes#block-views-block-file-
attachments-content-block-1.
35. O’Mullane DM, Baez RJ, Jones S, et al. Fluoride and Oral Health. Community Dent Health. 2016 33(2):69–99.
36. American Water Works Association. M4 Water fluoridation principles and practices. 6th ed. Denver, Colorado 2016.
37. The Water Research Foundation. State of the science: vommunity water fluoridation. 2015. Accessed March 21, 2025.
https://www.waterrf.org/research/projects/state-science-community-water-fluoridation.
38. Sutton M, Kiersey R, Farragher L, Long J. Health effect of water fluoridation: an evidence review. Ireland Health Research Board 2015.
Accessed March 24, 2025. https://www.hrb.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Health_Effects_of_Water_Fluoridation.pdf.
39. US Department of Health and Human Services Federal Panel on Community Water Fluoridation. US public health service recommendation
for fluoride concentration in drinking water for the prevention of dental caries. Public Health Rep. 2015 130(4):318–331.
40. Public Health England. Water fluoridation: health monitoring report for England. 2014. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://assets.publishing.
service.gov.uk/media/5a74a9f6e5274a52940692bf/Water_fluoridation_health_monitoring_for_england__full_report_1Apr2014.pdf.
41. Royal Society of New Zealand and the Office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor. Health effects of water fluoridation: a review
of the scientific evidence. Auckland, New Zealand: 2014. Accessed March 20, 2025. https://www.royalsociety.org.nz/assets/documents/
Health-effects-of-water-fluoridation-Aug-2014-corrected-Jan-2015.pdf.
42. Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF). Dental caries (cavities): community water fluoridation. Task force finding and rationale
statement. usa.gov: 2013. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://www.thecommunityguide.org/findings/dental-caries-cavities-community-
water-fluoridation.html.
43. Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) of the European Commission. Critical review of any new evidence on
the hazard profile, health effects, and human exposure to fluoride and the fluoridating agents of drinking water. European commission
directorate-general for health &consumers 2011. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_
layman/fluoridation/documents/fluoridation.pdf.
44. Health Canada. Findings and recommendations of the fluoride expert panel (January 2007). 2008. Accessed March 21, 2025.
https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/migration/hc-sc/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/water-eau/2008-fluoride-
fluorure/2008-fluoride-fluorure-eng.pdf.
45. Yeung CA. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation. Evid Based Dent. 2008 9(2):39–43.
46. US Department of Health and Human Services. For a healthy nation: returns on investment in public health. Washington, DC 1994.
47. US Department of Health and Human Services. Oral health in America: a report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD, USA: US Department
of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health 2000.
48. Burt BA. Fluoridation and social equity. J Public Health Dent. 2002 62(4):195–200.
49. Slade GD, Spencer AJ, Davies MJ, Stewart JF. Influence of exposure to fluoridated water on socioeconomic inequalities in children’s caries
experience. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1996 24(2):89–100.
50. Riley JC, Lennon MA, Ellwood RP. The effect of water fluoridation and social inequalities on dental caries in 5-year-old children.
Int J Epidemiol. 1999 28(2):300–305.
51. Jones CM, Worthington H. The relationship between water fluoridation and socioeconomic deprivation on tooth decay in 5-year-old children.
Br Dent J. 1999 186(8):397–400.
52. US Department of Health and Human Services. National call to action to promote oral health. Rockville, MD, USA: US Department of Health
and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research 2003.
53. Benjamin RM. Oral health: the silent epidemic. Public Health Rep. 2010 125(2):158–159.
54. Murthy VH. Surgeon general’s perspectives. Public Health Rep. 2015 130(4):296–298.
55. US Department of Health and Human Services. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. About Healthy People. Accessed May 13,
2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/about/healthy-people-2030-framework.
56. US Department of Health and Human Services. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Increase the proportion of people whose
water systems have the recommended amount of fluoride – OH-11. HealthyPeople.gov. Accessed March 24, 2025. https://odphp.health.
gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/health-policy/increase-proportion-people-whose-water-systems-have-
recommended-amount-fluoride-oh-11.
57. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022 Water Fluoridation Statistics. Accessed March 24, 2025.
https://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/php/statistics/2022-water-fluoridation-statistics.html.
58. Horowitz HS. The effectiveness of community water fluoridation in the United States. J Public Health Dent. 1996 56(5 Spec No):253–258.
59. Buzalaf MAR, Pessan JP, Honorio HM, Ten Cate JM. Mechanisms of action of fluoride for caries control. Monogr Oral Sci. 2011 22:97–114.
60. Garcia AI. Caries incidence and costs of prevention programs. J Public Health Dent. 1989 49(5 Spec No):259–271.
61. Milgrom P, Reisine S. Oral health in the United States: the post-fluoride generation. Annu Rev Public Health. 2000 21:403–436.
62. Truman BI, Gooch BF, Sulemana I, et al. Reviews of evidence on interventions to prevent dental caries, oral and pharyngeal cancers, and
sports-related craniofacial injuries. Am J Prev Med. 2002 23(1 Suppl):21–54.
63. Griffin SO, Regnier E, Griffin PM, Huntley V. Effectiveness of fluoride in preventing caries in adults. J Dent Res. 2007 86(5):410–415.
64. Bali RK, Sharma P, Gaba S, Kaur A, Ghanghas P. A review of complications of odontogenic infections. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2015 6(2):136–143.
References
33. Chaitanya NCSK, Karunakar P, Allam NSJ, et al. A systematic analysis on possibility of water fluoridation causing hypothyroidism.
Indian J Dent Res. 2018 29(3):358–363.
34. National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC). Information paper – water fluoridation: dental and other human health outcomes,
report prepared by the Clinical Trials Centre at University of Sydney, NHMRC Canberra, Australia. 2017. Accessed March 25, 2025.
https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/about-us/publications/water-fluoridation-dental-and-other-human-health-outcomes#block-views-block-file-
attachments-content-block-1.
35. O’Mullane DM, Baez RJ, Jones S, et al. Fluoride and Oral Health. Community Dent Health. 2016 33(2):69–99.
36. American Water Works Association. M4 Water fluoridation principles and practices. 6th ed. Denver, Colorado 2016.
37. The Water Research Foundation. State of the science: vommunity water fluoridation. 2015. Accessed March 21, 2025.
https://www.waterrf.org/research/projects/state-science-community-water-fluoridation.
38. Sutton M, Kiersey R, Farragher L, Long J. Health effect of water fluoridation: an evidence review. Ireland Health Research Board 2015.
Accessed March 24, 2025. https://www.hrb.ie/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Health_Effects_of_Water_Fluoridation.pdf.
39. US Department of Health and Human Services Federal Panel on Community Water Fluoridation. US public health service recommendation
for fluoride concentration in drinking water for the prevention of dental caries. Public Health Rep. 2015 130(4):318–331.
40. Public Health England. Water fluoridation: health monitoring report for England. 2014. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://assets.publishing.
service.gov.uk/media/5a74a9f6e5274a52940692bf/Water_fluoridation_health_monitoring_for_england__full_report_1Apr2014.pdf.
41. Royal Society of New Zealand and the Office of the Prime Minister’s Chief Science Advisor. Health effects of water fluoridation: a review
of the scientific evidence. Auckland, New Zealand: 2014. Accessed March 20, 2025. https://www.royalsociety.org.nz/assets/documents/
Health-effects-of-water-fluoridation-Aug-2014-corrected-Jan-2015.pdf.
42. Community Preventive Services Task Force (CPSTF). Dental caries (cavities): community water fluoridation. Task force finding and rationale
statement. usa.gov: 2013. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://www.thecommunityguide.org/findings/dental-caries-cavities-community-
water-fluoridation.html.
43. Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) of the European Commission. Critical review of any new evidence on
the hazard profile, health effects, and human exposure to fluoride and the fluoridating agents of drinking water. European commission
directorate-general for health &consumers 2011. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_
layman/fluoridation/documents/fluoridation.pdf.
44. Health Canada. Findings and recommendations of the fluoride expert panel (January 2007). 2008. Accessed March 21, 2025.
https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/hc-sc/migration/hc-sc/ewh-semt/alt_formats/hecs-sesc/pdf/pubs/water-eau/2008-fluoride-
fluorure/2008-fluoride-fluorure-eng.pdf.
45. Yeung CA. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of fluoridation. Evid Based Dent. 2008 9(2):39–43.
46. US Department of Health and Human Services. For a healthy nation: returns on investment in public health. Washington, DC 1994.
47. US Department of Health and Human Services. Oral health in America: a report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD, USA: US Department
of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health 2000.
48. Burt BA. Fluoridation and social equity. J Public Health Dent. 2002 62(4):195–200.
49. Slade GD, Spencer AJ, Davies MJ, Stewart JF. Influence of exposure to fluoridated water on socioeconomic inequalities in children’s caries
experience. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 1996 24(2):89–100.
50. Riley JC, Lennon MA, Ellwood RP. The effect of water fluoridation and social inequalities on dental caries in 5-year-old children.
Int J Epidemiol. 1999 28(2):300–305.
51. Jones CM, Worthington H. The relationship between water fluoridation and socioeconomic deprivation on tooth decay in 5-year-old children.
Br Dent J. 1999 186(8):397–400.
52. US Department of Health and Human Services. National call to action to promote oral health. Rockville, MD, USA: US Department of Health
and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research 2003.
53. Benjamin RM. Oral health: the silent epidemic. Public Health Rep. 2010 125(2):158–159.
54. Murthy VH. Surgeon general’s perspectives. Public Health Rep. 2015 130(4):296–298.
55. US Department of Health and Human Services. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. About Healthy People. Accessed May 13,
2025. https://odphp.health.gov/healthypeople/about/healthy-people-2030-framework.
56. US Department of Health and Human Services. Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Increase the proportion of people whose
water systems have the recommended amount of fluoride – OH-11. HealthyPeople.gov. Accessed March 24, 2025. https://odphp.health.
gov/healthypeople/objectives-and-data/browse-objectives/health-policy/increase-proportion-people-whose-water-systems-have-
recommended-amount-fluoride-oh-11.
57. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022 Water Fluoridation Statistics. Accessed March 24, 2025.
https://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/php/statistics/2022-water-fluoridation-statistics.html.
58. Horowitz HS. The effectiveness of community water fluoridation in the United States. J Public Health Dent. 1996 56(5 Spec No):253–258.
59. Buzalaf MAR, Pessan JP, Honorio HM, Ten Cate JM. Mechanisms of action of fluoride for caries control. Monogr Oral Sci. 2011 22:97–114.
60. Garcia AI. Caries incidence and costs of prevention programs. J Public Health Dent. 1989 49(5 Spec No):259–271.
61. Milgrom P, Reisine S. Oral health in the United States: the post-fluoride generation. Annu Rev Public Health. 2000 21:403–436.
62. Truman BI, Gooch BF, Sulemana I, et al. Reviews of evidence on interventions to prevent dental caries, oral and pharyngeal cancers, and
sports-related craniofacial injuries. Am J Prev Med. 2002 23(1 Suppl):21–54.
63. Griffin SO, Regnier E, Griffin PM, Huntley V. Effectiveness of fluoride in preventing caries in adults. J Dent Res. 2007 86(5):410–415.
64. Bali RK, Sharma P, Gaba S, Kaur A, Ghanghas P. A review of complications of odontogenic infections. Natl J Maxillofac Surg. 2015 6(2):136–143.
