114 l © 2025 American Dental Association
Fluoridation Facts
References
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ten great public health achievements—United States, 1990–1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly
Rep. 1999 48:241–243.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Achievements in public health, 1900–1999: fluoridation of drinking water to prevent dental
caries. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999 48:933–940.
3. American Dental Association. Fluoride and fluoridation policies: fluoridation of water supplies. 2022. Accessed March 20, 2025.
https://www.ada.org/about/governance/current-policies#fluoridation.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016 surgeon general’s statement on community water fluoridation. 2016. Accessed March
24, 2025. https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/fluoridation/guidelines/2016-surgeon-generals-statement-on-community-water-
fluoridation.html.
5. American Medical Association. Public health: water fluoridation H-440.972. 2021. Accessed March 20, 2025.
https://policysearch.ama-assn.org/policyfinder/detail/water%20fluoridation?uri=%2FAMADoc%2FHOD.xml-0-3987.xml.
6. Section on Oral Health. Maintaining and improving the oral health of young children. Pediatrics. 2014 134(6):1224–1229.
7. Petersen PE, Ogawa H. Prevention of dental caries through the use of fluoride—the WHO approach. Community Dent Health.
2016 33(2):66–68.
8. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 US 579, 113, S.Ct. 2786. 1993. Accessed May 13, 2025.
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/509/579/.
9. McKay FS. Mottled enamel: the prevention of its further production through a change of the water supply at Oakley, IDA.
J Am Dent Assoc. 1933 20(7):1137–1149.
10. McClure FJ. Water fluoridation: the search and the victory. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Dental Research 1970.
Accessed March 21, 2025. https://centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/quackwatch/dental/fl/mcclure.pdf.
11. Smith MC, Lantz EM, Smith HV. The cause of mottled enamel. Science. 1931 74(1914):244.
12. Churchill HV. Occurrence of fluorides in some waters of the United States. Ind Eng Chem. 1931 23(9):996–998.
13. Klein H, Palmer CE. Dental caries in American Indian children. US Public Health Bulletin No. 239. Washington, DC:
US Government Printing Office 1937.
14. Klein H. Dental caries inhibition by fluorine—the historical perspective. J Ir Dent Assoc. 1972 18(1):9–21.
15. Dean HT. Chronic endemic dental fluorosis. J Am Med Assoc. 1936 107(16).
16. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. The story of fluoridation. Accessed March 24, 2025.
http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/oralhealth/topics/fluoride/thestoryoffluoridation.htm.
17. Dean HT. Endemic fluorosis and its relation to dental caries. Public Health Rep. (1896–1970) 1938 53(33):1443-1452.
18. Dean HT, Arnold FA, Jr., Elvove E. Domestic water and dental caries: v. additional studies of the relation of fluoride domestic waters
to dental caries experience in 4,425 white children, aged 12 to 14 years, of 13 cities in 4 states. Public Health Rep. (1896–1970)
1942 57(32):1155–1179.
19. Cox GJ, Matuschak MC, Dixon SF, Dodds ML, Walker WE. Experimental dental caries. J Dent Res. 1939 18(6):481–490.
20. Dean HT, Arnold FA, Jr., Jay P, Knutson JW. Studies on mass control of dental caries through fluoridation of the public water supply.
Public Health Rep. (1896–1970) 1950 65(43):1403–1408.
21. Newburgh-Kingston caries-fluorine study: final report. J Am Dent Assoc. 1956 52(3):290.
22. Brown HK, Poplove M. Brantford-Sarnia-Stratford fluoridation caries study: final survey, 1963. J Can Dent Assoc. (Tor) 1965 31:505–511.
23. Arnold FA, Jr., Dean HT, Jay P, Knutson JW. Effect of fluoridated public water supplies on dental caries prevalence. Public Health Rep. (1896)
1956 71(7):652–658.
24. National Research Council. Drinking water and health, Vol. 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press 1977. Accessed March 21,
2025. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1780/drinking-water-and-health-volume-1.
25. National Research Council. Health effects of ingested fluoride. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press 1993. Accessed March 21,
2025. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2204/health-effects-of-ingested-fluoride.
26. National Research Council. Fluoride in drinking water: a scientific review of EPA’s standards. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press
2006. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11571/fluoride-in-drinking-water-a-scientific-review-of-
epas-standards.
27. Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Walsh T, Lewis SR, et al. Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2024 10(10):CD010856.
28. Fiore G, Veneri F, Di Lorenzo R, et al. Fluoride exposure and ADHD: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Medicina (Kaunas).
2023 59(4):797.
29. Kumar JV, Moss ME, Liu H, Fisher-Owens S. Association between low fluoride exposure and children’s intelligence: a meta-analysis relevant
to community water fluoridation. Public Health. 2023 219:73–84.
30. Belotti L, Frazao P. Effectiveness of water fluoridation in an upper-middle-income country: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Int J Paediatr Dent. 2022 32(4):503–513.
31. Cury JA, Ricomini-Filho AP, Berti FLP, Tabchoury CP. Systemic effects (risks) of water fluoridation. Braz Dent J. 2019 30(5):421–428.
32. Ajiboye AS, Dawson DR, 3rd, Fox CH, AADR Science Information Committee. American association for dental research policy statement
on community water fluoridation. J Dent Res. 2018 97(12):1293–1296.
Fluoridation Facts
References
1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Ten great public health achievements—United States, 1990–1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly
Rep. 1999 48:241–243.
2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Achievements in public health, 1900–1999: fluoridation of drinking water to prevent dental
caries. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999 48:933–940.
3. American Dental Association. Fluoride and fluoridation policies: fluoridation of water supplies. 2022. Accessed March 20, 2025.
https://www.ada.org/about/governance/current-policies#fluoridation.
4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016 surgeon general’s statement on community water fluoridation. 2016. Accessed March
24, 2025. https://archive.cdc.gov/www_cdc_gov/fluoridation/guidelines/2016-surgeon-generals-statement-on-community-water-
fluoridation.html.
5. American Medical Association. Public health: water fluoridation H-440.972. 2021. Accessed March 20, 2025.
https://policysearch.ama-assn.org/policyfinder/detail/water%20fluoridation?uri=%2FAMADoc%2FHOD.xml-0-3987.xml.
6. Section on Oral Health. Maintaining and improving the oral health of young children. Pediatrics. 2014 134(6):1224–1229.
7. Petersen PE, Ogawa H. Prevention of dental caries through the use of fluoride—the WHO approach. Community Dent Health.
2016 33(2):66–68.
8. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 US 579, 113, S.Ct. 2786. 1993. Accessed May 13, 2025.
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/509/579/.
9. McKay FS. Mottled enamel: the prevention of its further production through a change of the water supply at Oakley, IDA.
J Am Dent Assoc. 1933 20(7):1137–1149.
10. McClure FJ. Water fluoridation: the search and the victory. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Dental Research 1970.
Accessed March 21, 2025. https://centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/33/quackwatch/dental/fl/mcclure.pdf.
11. Smith MC, Lantz EM, Smith HV. The cause of mottled enamel. Science. 1931 74(1914):244.
12. Churchill HV. Occurrence of fluorides in some waters of the United States. Ind Eng Chem. 1931 23(9):996–998.
13. Klein H, Palmer CE. Dental caries in American Indian children. US Public Health Bulletin No. 239. Washington, DC:
US Government Printing Office 1937.
14. Klein H. Dental caries inhibition by fluorine—the historical perspective. J Ir Dent Assoc. 1972 18(1):9–21.
15. Dean HT. Chronic endemic dental fluorosis. J Am Med Assoc. 1936 107(16).
16. National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research. The story of fluoridation. Accessed March 24, 2025.
http://www.nidcr.nih.gov/oralhealth/topics/fluoride/thestoryoffluoridation.htm.
17. Dean HT. Endemic fluorosis and its relation to dental caries. Public Health Rep. (1896–1970) 1938 53(33):1443-1452.
18. Dean HT, Arnold FA, Jr., Elvove E. Domestic water and dental caries: v. additional studies of the relation of fluoride domestic waters
to dental caries experience in 4,425 white children, aged 12 to 14 years, of 13 cities in 4 states. Public Health Rep. (1896–1970)
1942 57(32):1155–1179.
19. Cox GJ, Matuschak MC, Dixon SF, Dodds ML, Walker WE. Experimental dental caries. J Dent Res. 1939 18(6):481–490.
20. Dean HT, Arnold FA, Jr., Jay P, Knutson JW. Studies on mass control of dental caries through fluoridation of the public water supply.
Public Health Rep. (1896–1970) 1950 65(43):1403–1408.
21. Newburgh-Kingston caries-fluorine study: final report. J Am Dent Assoc. 1956 52(3):290.
22. Brown HK, Poplove M. Brantford-Sarnia-Stratford fluoridation caries study: final survey, 1963. J Can Dent Assoc. (Tor) 1965 31:505–511.
23. Arnold FA, Jr., Dean HT, Jay P, Knutson JW. Effect of fluoridated public water supplies on dental caries prevalence. Public Health Rep. (1896)
1956 71(7):652–658.
24. National Research Council. Drinking water and health, Vol. 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press 1977. Accessed March 21,
2025. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1780/drinking-water-and-health-volume-1.
25. National Research Council. Health effects of ingested fluoride. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press 1993. Accessed March 21,
2025. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2204/health-effects-of-ingested-fluoride.
26. National Research Council. Fluoride in drinking water: a scientific review of EPA’s standards. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press
2006. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11571/fluoride-in-drinking-water-a-scientific-review-of-
epas-standards.
27. Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Walsh T, Lewis SR, et al. Water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
2024 10(10):CD010856.
28. Fiore G, Veneri F, Di Lorenzo R, et al. Fluoride exposure and ADHD: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Medicina (Kaunas).
2023 59(4):797.
29. Kumar JV, Moss ME, Liu H, Fisher-Owens S. Association between low fluoride exposure and children’s intelligence: a meta-analysis relevant
to community water fluoridation. Public Health. 2023 219:73–84.
30. Belotti L, Frazao P. Effectiveness of water fluoridation in an upper-middle-income country: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Int J Paediatr Dent. 2022 32(4):503–513.
31. Cury JA, Ricomini-Filho AP, Berti FLP, Tabchoury CP. Systemic effects (risks) of water fluoridation. Braz Dent J. 2019 30(5):421–428.
32. Ajiboye AS, Dawson DR, 3rd, Fox CH, AADR Science Information Committee. American association for dental research policy statement
on community water fluoridation. J Dent Res. 2018 97(12):1293–1296.
