© 2025 American Dental Association l 125
References
371. McClure FJ. Availability of fluorine in sodium fluoride vs. sodium fluosilicate. Public Health Rep. (1896) 1950 65(37):1175–1186.
372. Zipkin I, Likins RC, McClure FJ, Steere AC. Urinary fluoride levels associated with use of fluoridated waters. Public Health Rep. (1896)
1956 71(8):767–772.
373. Zipkin I, Likins RC. Absorption of various fluorine compounds from the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. Am J Physiol. 1957 191(3):549–550.
374. McClure FJ, Zipkin I. Physiologic effects of fluoride as related to water fluoridation. Dental Clin North Am. 1958 2(2):441–458.
375. Crisp MP. Report of the royal commissioner into the fluoridation of public water supplies. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia: Government Printers
1968.
376. Inquiry into the fluoridation of Victorian water supplies. Med J Aust. 1980 2(13):697–698.
377. Shapiro JR. Report to the surgeon general: by the ad hoc committee on the non-dental health effects of fluoride in drinking water 1983.
378. Czysch W, Muller W, Goller H, inventors. US Patent 4,026,990. Production of low-fluoride gypsum as a by-product in a phosphoric acid
process. 1977.
379. Castro LA, Lizi JM, Chagas E, Carvalho RA, Vanin FM. From orange juice by-product in the food industry to a functional ingredient: application
in the circular economy. Foods. 2020 9(5).
380. US Department of Labor Occupational safety and health administration. Laws and regulations. Accessed March 24, 2025.
https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs.
381. American Water Works Association. Safety Management for Utilities. 7th ed 2014.
382. US Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Federal Register 2012. p. 17574–17896.
383. Brown R, McTigue N, Graf K. Monitoring fluoride how closely do utilities match target versus actual levels? Opflow. 2014 40(7):10–14.
384. Barker LK, Duchon KK, Lesaja S, Robison VA, Presson SM. Adjusted fluoride concentrations and control ranges in 34 states – 2006-2010
and 2015. J Am Water Works Assoc. 2017 109(8):13–15.
385. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Engineering and administrative recommendations for water fluoridation, 1995. Centers for
disease control and prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1995 44(RR-13):1–40.
386. US Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Register: 40 CFR 141: National primary drinking water regulations: consumer confidence
reports. 1998. Accessed March 20, 2025. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1998/08/19/98-22056/national-primary-
drinking-water-regulations-consumer-confidence-reports.
387. Schlesinger WH, Klein EM, Vengosh A. Global biogeochemical cycle of fluorine. Global Biogeochem Cycles. 2020 34(12):1–18.
388. Pollick HF. Water fluoridation and the environment: current perspective in the United States. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2004 10(3):343–350.
389. Weinstein LH, Davison A. Fluorides in the environment: effects on plants and animals. United Kingdom: CABI 2004.
390. Osterman JW. Evaluating the impact of municipal water fluoridation on the aquatic environment. Am J Public Health. 1990 80(10):1230–1235.
391. Jeffcott GF. United States army dental service in world war II. Washington, DC: Defense technical information center 1954. Accessed March
21, 2025. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA291999
392. Mascarenhas AK, Okunseri C, Dye BA. Fluoride and caries prevention. American association of public health dentistry, In: Mascarenhas AK,
Okunseri C, Dye BA, editors. Burt and Eklund’s dentistry, dental practice, and the community. 7th ed 2021.
393. US Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surgeon General Urges the Adoption of
Fluoridation. Public Health Service. Atlanta, GA 1983.
394. Satcher D. 2001 Surgeon General’s Statement on Community Water Fluoridation (archived). Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
395. US Department of Health and Human Services. 2004 Surgeon General’s Statement on Community Water Fluoridation. Atlanta, GA: Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Oral Health National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion 2004.
396. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013 Surgeon General’s Statement on Community Water Fluoridation. Atlanta, GA: US
Department of Health and Human Services Division of Oral Health: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
397. US Department of Health and Human Services. HHS Oral Health Initiative 2010: Promoting and Enhancing the Oral Health of the Public 2010.
398. National Prevention Council. National prevention strategy: America’s plan for better health and wellness. Washington, DC: US Department
of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, 2011. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/
disease-prevention-wellness-report.pdf.
399. Institute of Medicine. Advancing oral health in America. Washington, DC: The National Acadamies Press 2011. Accessed March 24, 2025.
https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13086/advancing-oral-health-in-america.
400. Committee on Oral Health Access to Services (US), National Research Council (US). Board on Children Youth and Families., Institute of
Medicine (US). Board on Health Care Services. Improving access to oral health care for vulnerable and underserved populations. Washington,
DC: National Academies Press 2011.
401. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What is health equity? Accessed March 24, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/health-equity/what-is/
index.html.
402. Braveman P, Gruskin S. Defining equity in health. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003 57(4):254–258.
403. US Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Health equity in healthy people 2030.
Accessed March 31, 2025. https://www.who.int/health-topics/health-equity#tab=tab_1.
404. World Health Organization. Health equity. 2025. Accessed March 24, 2025. https://www.who.int/health-topics/health-equity#tab=tab_1.
405. National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences. Background and Definitions. Accessed March 24, 2025.
https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/hdhe/about/background#:~:text=Health%20disparities%20(HD)%20are%20closely,strategies%20to%20
improve%20health%20outcomes.
References
371. McClure FJ. Availability of fluorine in sodium fluoride vs. sodium fluosilicate. Public Health Rep. (1896) 1950 65(37):1175–1186.
372. Zipkin I, Likins RC, McClure FJ, Steere AC. Urinary fluoride levels associated with use of fluoridated waters. Public Health Rep. (1896)
1956 71(8):767–772.
373. Zipkin I, Likins RC. Absorption of various fluorine compounds from the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. Am J Physiol. 1957 191(3):549–550.
374. McClure FJ, Zipkin I. Physiologic effects of fluoride as related to water fluoridation. Dental Clin North Am. 1958 2(2):441–458.
375. Crisp MP. Report of the royal commissioner into the fluoridation of public water supplies. Hobart, Tasmania, Australia: Government Printers
1968.
376. Inquiry into the fluoridation of Victorian water supplies. Med J Aust. 1980 2(13):697–698.
377. Shapiro JR. Report to the surgeon general: by the ad hoc committee on the non-dental health effects of fluoride in drinking water 1983.
378. Czysch W, Muller W, Goller H, inventors. US Patent 4,026,990. Production of low-fluoride gypsum as a by-product in a phosphoric acid
process. 1977.
379. Castro LA, Lizi JM, Chagas E, Carvalho RA, Vanin FM. From orange juice by-product in the food industry to a functional ingredient: application
in the circular economy. Foods. 2020 9(5).
380. US Department of Labor Occupational safety and health administration. Laws and regulations. Accessed March 24, 2025.
https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs.
381. American Water Works Association. Safety Management for Utilities. 7th ed 2014.
382. US Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Federal Register 2012. p. 17574–17896.
383. Brown R, McTigue N, Graf K. Monitoring fluoride how closely do utilities match target versus actual levels? Opflow. 2014 40(7):10–14.
384. Barker LK, Duchon KK, Lesaja S, Robison VA, Presson SM. Adjusted fluoride concentrations and control ranges in 34 states – 2006-2010
and 2015. J Am Water Works Assoc. 2017 109(8):13–15.
385. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Engineering and administrative recommendations for water fluoridation, 1995. Centers for
disease control and prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1995 44(RR-13):1–40.
386. US Environmental Protection Agency. Federal Register: 40 CFR 141: National primary drinking water regulations: consumer confidence
reports. 1998. Accessed March 20, 2025. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1998/08/19/98-22056/national-primary-
drinking-water-regulations-consumer-confidence-reports.
387. Schlesinger WH, Klein EM, Vengosh A. Global biogeochemical cycle of fluorine. Global Biogeochem Cycles. 2020 34(12):1–18.
388. Pollick HF. Water fluoridation and the environment: current perspective in the United States. Int J Occup Environ Health. 2004 10(3):343–350.
389. Weinstein LH, Davison A. Fluorides in the environment: effects on plants and animals. United Kingdom: CABI 2004.
390. Osterman JW. Evaluating the impact of municipal water fluoridation on the aquatic environment. Am J Public Health. 1990 80(10):1230–1235.
391. Jeffcott GF. United States army dental service in world war II. Washington, DC: Defense technical information center 1954. Accessed March
21, 2025. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA291999
392. Mascarenhas AK, Okunseri C, Dye BA. Fluoride and caries prevention. American association of public health dentistry, In: Mascarenhas AK,
Okunseri C, Dye BA, editors. Burt and Eklund’s dentistry, dental practice, and the community. 7th ed 2021.
393. US Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surgeon General Urges the Adoption of
Fluoridation. Public Health Service. Atlanta, GA 1983.
394. Satcher D. 2001 Surgeon General’s Statement on Community Water Fluoridation (archived). Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.
395. US Department of Health and Human Services. 2004 Surgeon General’s Statement on Community Water Fluoridation. Atlanta, GA: Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention Division of Oral Health National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion 2004.
396. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2013 Surgeon General’s Statement on Community Water Fluoridation. Atlanta, GA: US
Department of Health and Human Services Division of Oral Health: National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.
397. US Department of Health and Human Services. HHS Oral Health Initiative 2010: Promoting and Enhancing the Oral Health of the Public 2010.
398. National Prevention Council. National prevention strategy: America’s plan for better health and wellness. Washington, DC: US Department
of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General, 2011. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/
disease-prevention-wellness-report.pdf.
399. Institute of Medicine. Advancing oral health in America. Washington, DC: The National Acadamies Press 2011. Accessed March 24, 2025.
https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13086/advancing-oral-health-in-america.
400. Committee on Oral Health Access to Services (US), National Research Council (US). Board on Children Youth and Families., Institute of
Medicine (US). Board on Health Care Services. Improving access to oral health care for vulnerable and underserved populations. Washington,
DC: National Academies Press 2011.
401. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What is health equity? Accessed March 24, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/health-equity/what-is/
index.html.
402. Braveman P, Gruskin S. Defining equity in health. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003 57(4):254–258.
403. US Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Health equity in healthy people 2030.
Accessed March 31, 2025. https://www.who.int/health-topics/health-equity#tab=tab_1.
404. World Health Organization. Health equity. 2025. Accessed March 24, 2025. https://www.who.int/health-topics/health-equity#tab=tab_1.
405. National Cancer Institute Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences. Background and Definitions. Accessed March 24, 2025.
https://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/hdhe/about/background#:~:text=Health%20disparities%20(HD)%20are%20closely,strategies%20to%20
improve%20health%20outcomes.
