© 2025 American Dental Association l 119
References
169. US Food and Drug Administration. Health claim notification for fluoridated water and reduced risk of dental caries. 2006. Accessed March 20,
2025. https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-food-labeling-and-critical-foods/health-claim-notification-fluoridated-water-and-reduced-
risk-dental-caries.
170. Beverage Marketing Corporation. Bottled water becomes number-one beverage in the US: 2017. Accessed March 21, 2025.
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171. International Bottled Water Association. Bottled water reaches new peaks in revenue and volume. Alexandria, VA: 2022. Accessed March 20,
2025. https://bottledwater.org/nr/bottled-water-reaches-new-peaks-in-revenue-and-volume/#:~:text=Americans%20consumed%2C%20
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172. Huerta-Saenz L, Irigoyen M, Benavides J, Mendoza M. Tap or bottled water: drinking preferences among urban minority children and
adolescents. J Community Health. 2012 37(1):54–58.
173. Scherzer T, Barker JC, Pollick H, Weintraub JA. Water consumption beliefs and practices in a rural Latino community: implications for
fluoridation. J Public Health Dent. 2010 70(4):337–343.
174. Sriraman NK, Patrick PA, Hutton K, Edwards KS. Children’s drinking water: parental preferences and implications for fluoride exposure.
Pediatr Dent. 2009 31(4):310–315.
175. Hobson WL, Knochel ML, Byington CL, et al. Bottled, filtered, and tap water use in Latino and non-Latino children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.
2007 161(5):457–461.
176. Eftekhar B, Skini M, Shamohammadi M, Ghaffaripour J, Nilchian F. The effectiveness of home water purification systems on the amount of
fluoride in drinking water. J Dent (Shiraz). 2015 16(3 Suppl):278–281.
177. Brown MD, Aaron G. The effect of point-of-use water conditioning systems on community fluoridated water. Pediatr Dent. 1991 13(1):35–
38.
178. Jobson MD, Grimm SE, 3rd, Banks K, Henley G. The effects of water filtration systems on fluoride: Washington, DC metropolitan area.
ASDC J Dent Child. 2000 67(5):350-354, 302, 304.
179. Robinson SN, Davies EH, Williams B. Domestic water treatment appliances and the fluoride ion. Br Dent J. 1991 171(3-4):91–93.
180. Full CA, Wefel JS. Water softener influence on anions and cations. Iowa Dent J. 1983 69(4):37–39.
181. Konno H, Yaegaki K, Tanaka T, et al. Neither hollow-fibre membrane filters nor activated-charcoal filters remove fluoride from fluoridated tap
water. J Can Dent Assoc. 2008 74(5):443.
182. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Public health Service report on fluoride benefits and risks. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1991 40(RR-
7):1–8.
183. Royal College of Physicians. Fluoride, teeth and health. A report of the royal college of physicians 1976.
184. Johansen E, Tayes D, Olsen T, editors. Continuing evaluation of the use of fluorides. Paper presented at AAAS Selected Symposium 11, 1979
Boulder, Colorado.
185. Knox EG. Fluoridation of water and cancer: a review of the epidemiological evidence. London: her majesty’s stationary office: 1985.
Accessed March 21, 2025. https://archive.org/details/op1276356-1001.
186. Leone NC, Shimkin MB, Arnold FA, Jr., et al. Medical aspects of excessive fluoride in a water supply. Public Health Rep. (1896)
1954 69(10):925–936.
187. Guth S, Huser S, Roth A, et al. Toxicity of fluoride: critical evaluation of evidence for human developmental neurotoxicity in epidemiological
studies, animal experiments and in vitro analyses. Arch Toxicol. 2020 94(5):1375–1415.
188. Guth S, Huser S, Roth A, et al. Contribution to the ongoing discussion on fluoride toxicity. Arch Toxicol. 2021 95(7):2571–2587.
189. Taher MK, Momoli F, Go J, et al. Systematic review of epidemiological and toxicological evidence on health effects of fluoride in drinking
water. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2024 54(1):2–34.
190. Health Canada. Expert panel meeting on the health effects of fluoride in drinking water: summary report. 2024. Accessed March 21, 2025.
https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/environmental-workplace-health/reports-publications/water-quality/expert-panel-
meeting-effects-fluoride-drinking-summary.html.
191. Maxcy KF, Amleton JLT, Bibby BG, et al. The national research council fluoridation report. J Public Health Dent. 2007 12(1):24–33.
192. National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine. Review of the revised NTP monograph on the systematic review of fluoride
exposure and neurodevelopmental and cognitive health effects: a letter report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press 2021.
Accessed March 24, 2025. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26030/review-of-the-revised-ntp-monograph-on-the-systematic-
review-of-fluoride-exposure-and-neurodevelopmental-and-cognitive-health-effects.
193. Bassin EB, Wypij D, Davis RB, Mittleman MA. Age-specific fluoride exposure in drinking water and osteosarcoma (United States).
Cancer Causes Control. 2006 17(4):421–428.
194. Kim FM, Hayes C, Burgard SL, et al. A case-control study of fluoridation and osteosarcoma. J Dent Res. 2020 99(10):1157–1164.
195. Kim FM, Hayes C, Williams PL, et al. An assessment of bone fluoride and osteosarcoma. J Dent Res. 2011 90(10):1171–1176.
196. US Department of Health and Human Services. Federal register: proposed HHS recommendation for fluoride concentration in drinking
water for prevention of dental caries. National Archives 2011. Accessed January 25 2025. https://www.federalregister.gov/
documents/2011/01/13/2011-637/proposed-hhs-recommendation-for-fluoride-concentration-in-drinking-water-for-prevention-of-dental.
197. US Environmental Protection Agency. Overview of the safe drinking water act. 2015. Accessed January 25, 2025.
https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/overview-safe-drinking-water-act.
198. US Environmental Protection Agency. Six-year review 1 of drinking water standards. 2003. Accessed March 20, 2025.
https://www.epa.gov/dwsixyearreview/six-year-review-1-drinking-water-standards.
199. US Environmental Protection Agency. Press release: fluoride risk assessment and relative source contribution. 2011. Accessed March 20,
2025. https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/fluoride-risk-assessment-and-relative-source-contribution
References
169. US Food and Drug Administration. Health claim notification for fluoridated water and reduced risk of dental caries. 2006. Accessed March 20,
2025. https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-food-labeling-and-critical-foods/health-claim-notification-fluoridated-water-and-reduced-
risk-dental-caries.
170. Beverage Marketing Corporation. Bottled water becomes number-one beverage in the US: 2017. Accessed March 21, 2025.
https://www.beveragemarketing.com/news-detail.asp?id=438.
171. International Bottled Water Association. Bottled water reaches new peaks in revenue and volume. Alexandria, VA: 2022. Accessed March 20,
2025. https://bottledwater.org/nr/bottled-water-reaches-new-peaks-in-revenue-and-volume/#:~:text=Americans%20consumed%2C%20
on%20average%2C%2046.5,packaged%20drinks%20to%20bottled%20water.
172. Huerta-Saenz L, Irigoyen M, Benavides J, Mendoza M. Tap or bottled water: drinking preferences among urban minority children and
adolescents. J Community Health. 2012 37(1):54–58.
173. Scherzer T, Barker JC, Pollick H, Weintraub JA. Water consumption beliefs and practices in a rural Latino community: implications for
fluoridation. J Public Health Dent. 2010 70(4):337–343.
174. Sriraman NK, Patrick PA, Hutton K, Edwards KS. Children’s drinking water: parental preferences and implications for fluoride exposure.
Pediatr Dent. 2009 31(4):310–315.
175. Hobson WL, Knochel ML, Byington CL, et al. Bottled, filtered, and tap water use in Latino and non-Latino children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med.
2007 161(5):457–461.
176. Eftekhar B, Skini M, Shamohammadi M, Ghaffaripour J, Nilchian F. The effectiveness of home water purification systems on the amount of
fluoride in drinking water. J Dent (Shiraz). 2015 16(3 Suppl):278–281.
177. Brown MD, Aaron G. The effect of point-of-use water conditioning systems on community fluoridated water. Pediatr Dent. 1991 13(1):35–
38.
178. Jobson MD, Grimm SE, 3rd, Banks K, Henley G. The effects of water filtration systems on fluoride: Washington, DC metropolitan area.
ASDC J Dent Child. 2000 67(5):350-354, 302, 304.
179. Robinson SN, Davies EH, Williams B. Domestic water treatment appliances and the fluoride ion. Br Dent J. 1991 171(3-4):91–93.
180. Full CA, Wefel JS. Water softener influence on anions and cations. Iowa Dent J. 1983 69(4):37–39.
181. Konno H, Yaegaki K, Tanaka T, et al. Neither hollow-fibre membrane filters nor activated-charcoal filters remove fluoride from fluoridated tap
water. J Can Dent Assoc. 2008 74(5):443.
182. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Public health Service report on fluoride benefits and risks. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1991 40(RR-
7):1–8.
183. Royal College of Physicians. Fluoride, teeth and health. A report of the royal college of physicians 1976.
184. Johansen E, Tayes D, Olsen T, editors. Continuing evaluation of the use of fluorides. Paper presented at AAAS Selected Symposium 11, 1979
Boulder, Colorado.
185. Knox EG. Fluoridation of water and cancer: a review of the epidemiological evidence. London: her majesty’s stationary office: 1985.
Accessed March 21, 2025. https://archive.org/details/op1276356-1001.
186. Leone NC, Shimkin MB, Arnold FA, Jr., et al. Medical aspects of excessive fluoride in a water supply. Public Health Rep. (1896)
1954 69(10):925–936.
187. Guth S, Huser S, Roth A, et al. Toxicity of fluoride: critical evaluation of evidence for human developmental neurotoxicity in epidemiological
studies, animal experiments and in vitro analyses. Arch Toxicol. 2020 94(5):1375–1415.
188. Guth S, Huser S, Roth A, et al. Contribution to the ongoing discussion on fluoride toxicity. Arch Toxicol. 2021 95(7):2571–2587.
189. Taher MK, Momoli F, Go J, et al. Systematic review of epidemiological and toxicological evidence on health effects of fluoride in drinking
water. Crit Rev Toxicol. 2024 54(1):2–34.
190. Health Canada. Expert panel meeting on the health effects of fluoride in drinking water: summary report. 2024. Accessed March 21, 2025.
https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/environmental-workplace-health/reports-publications/water-quality/expert-panel-
meeting-effects-fluoride-drinking-summary.html.
191. Maxcy KF, Amleton JLT, Bibby BG, et al. The national research council fluoridation report. J Public Health Dent. 2007 12(1):24–33.
192. National Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine. Review of the revised NTP monograph on the systematic review of fluoride
exposure and neurodevelopmental and cognitive health effects: a letter report. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press 2021.
Accessed March 24, 2025. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26030/review-of-the-revised-ntp-monograph-on-the-systematic-
review-of-fluoride-exposure-and-neurodevelopmental-and-cognitive-health-effects.
193. Bassin EB, Wypij D, Davis RB, Mittleman MA. Age-specific fluoride exposure in drinking water and osteosarcoma (United States).
Cancer Causes Control. 2006 17(4):421–428.
194. Kim FM, Hayes C, Burgard SL, et al. A case-control study of fluoridation and osteosarcoma. J Dent Res. 2020 99(10):1157–1164.
195. Kim FM, Hayes C, Williams PL, et al. An assessment of bone fluoride and osteosarcoma. J Dent Res. 2011 90(10):1171–1176.
196. US Department of Health and Human Services. Federal register: proposed HHS recommendation for fluoride concentration in drinking
water for prevention of dental caries. National Archives 2011. Accessed January 25 2025. https://www.federalregister.gov/
documents/2011/01/13/2011-637/proposed-hhs-recommendation-for-fluoride-concentration-in-drinking-water-for-prevention-of-dental.
197. US Environmental Protection Agency. Overview of the safe drinking water act. 2015. Accessed January 25, 2025.
https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/overview-safe-drinking-water-act.
198. US Environmental Protection Agency. Six-year review 1 of drinking water standards. 2003. Accessed March 20, 2025.
https://www.epa.gov/dwsixyearreview/six-year-review-1-drinking-water-standards.
199. US Environmental Protection Agency. Press release: fluoride risk assessment and relative source contribution. 2011. Accessed March 20,
2025. https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/fluoride-risk-assessment-and-relative-source-contribution
