© 2025 American Dental Association l 117
References
98. Parnell C, Whelton H, O’Mullane D. Water fluoridation. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2009 10(3):141–148.
99. Murray JJ. Efficacy of preventive agents for dental caries. Systemic fluorides: water fluoridation. Caries Res. 1993 27(Suppl 1):2–8.
100. Ripa LW. A half-century of community water fluoridation in the United States: review and commentary. J Public Health Dent. 1993 53(1):17–44.
101. Arnold FA, Likins RC, Russell AL, Scott DB. Fifteenth year of the Grand Rapids fluoridation study. J Am Dent Assoc. 1962 65(6):780–785.
102. Blayney JR, Hill IN. Fluorine and dental caries. J Am Dent Assoc. 1967 74(2):225–302.
103. Newbrun E. Effectiveness of water fluoridation. J Public Health Dent. 1989 49(5 Spec No):279–289.
104. Kumar JV. Is water fluoridation still necessary? Adv Dent Res. 2008 20(1):8–12.
105. Griffin SO, Gooch BF, Lockwood SA, Tomar SL. Quantifying the diffused benefit from water fluoridation in the United States.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2001 29(2):120–129.
106. Brunelle JA, Carlos JP. Recent trends in dental caries in US children and the effect of water fluoridation. J Dent Res. 1990 69(Spec No:723–
7) discussion 820–823.
107. Lemke CW, Doherty JM, Arra MC. Controlled fluoridation: the dental effects of discontinuation in Antigo, Wisconsin. J Am Dent Assoc.
1970 80(4):782–786.
108. Way RM. The effect on dental caries of a change from a naturally fluoridated to a fluoride-free communal water. J Dent Child. 1964 31:151–
157.
109. Stephen KW, McCall DR, Tullis JI. Caries prevalence in northern Scotland before, and 5 years after, water defluoridation. Br Dent J.
1987 163(10):324–326.
110. Attwood D, Blinkhorn AS. Dental health in schoolchildren 5 years after water fluoridation ceased in south-west Scotland. Int Dent J.
1991 41(1):43–48.
111. Meyer J, Margaritis V, Mendelsohn A. Consequences of community water fluoridation cessation for Medicaid-eligible children and adolescents
in Juneau, Alaska. BMC Oral Health. 2018 18(1):215.
112. Tobias G, Mordechai F, Tali C, et al. The effect of community water fluoridation cessation on children’s dental health: a national experience.
Isr J Health Policy Res. 2022 11(1):4.
113. Meyer J, Margaritis V, Jacob M. The impact of water fluoridation on medicaid-eligible children and adolescents in Alaska. J Prev. (2022)
2022 43(1):111–123.
114. McLaren L, Patterson SK, Faris P, et al. Fluoridation cessation and children’s dental caries: a 7-year follow-up evaluation of Grade 2
schoolchildren in Calgary and Edmonton, Canada. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2022 50(5):391–403.
115. McLaren L, Singhal S. Does cessation of community water fluoridation lead to an increase in tooth decay? A systematic review of published
studies. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016 70(9):934–940.
116. Yazdanbakhsh E, Bohlouli B, Patterson S, Amin M. Community water fluoride cessation and rate of caries-related pediatric dental treatments
under general anesthesia in Alberta, Canada. Can J Public Health. 2024 115(2):305–314.
117. Nezihovski SS, Findler M, Chackartchi T, et al. The effect of cessation of drinking water fluoridation on dental restorations and crowns in
children aged 3–5 years in Israel -a retrospective study. Isr J Health Policy Res. 2024 13(1):50.
118. Kunzel W, Fischer T. Caries prevalence after cessation of water fluoridation in La Salud, Cuba. Caries Res. 2000 34(1):20–25.
119. Seppa L, Hausen H, Karkkainen S, Larmas M. Caries occurrence in a fluoridated and a non-fluoridated town in Finland: a retrospective study
using longitudinal data from public dental records. Caries Res. 2002 36(5):308–314.
120. Kunzel W, Fischer T, Lorenz R, Bruhmann S. Decline of caries prevalence after the cessation of water fluoridation in the former East Germany.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2000 28(5):382–389.
121. Kalsbeek H, Kwant GW, Groeneveld A, et al. Caries experience of 15-year-old children in The Netherlands after discontinuation of water
fluoridation. Caries Res. 1993 27(3):201–215.
122. Stierman B, Afful J, Carroll MD, et al. National health and nutrition examination survey 2017-March 2020 prepandemic data files-
development of files and prevalence estimates for selected health outcomes. Natl Health Stat Report. 2021 (158):10.15620/cdc:106273.
123. Jackson SL, Vann WF, Jr., Kotch JB, Pahel BT, Lee JY. Impact of poor oral health on children’s school attendance and performance.
Am J Public Health. 2011 101(10):1900–1906.
124. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About oral health. Accessed March 24, 2025. Accessed May 13, 2025.
https://www.cdc.gov/oral-health/about/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/basics/index.html..
125. Griffin SO, Griffin PM, Swann JL, Zlobin N. Estimating rates of new root caries in older adults. J Dent Res. 2004 83(8):634–638.
126. McNally ME, Matthews DC, Clovis JB, Brillant M, Filiaggi MJ. The oral health of ageing baby boomers: a comparison of adults aged 45-64 and
those 65 years and older. Gerodontology. 2014 31(2):123–135.
127. Watt RG. From victim blaming to upstream action: tackling the social determinants of oral health inequalities. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol.
2007 35(1):1–11.
128. Locker D. Deprivation and oral health: a review. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2000 28(3):161–169.
129. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health disparities in oral health. Accessed March 24, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/oral-health/
health-equity/index.html.
130. Hayes RL, Littleton NW, White CL. Posteruptive effects of fluoridation on first permanent molars of children in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1957 47(2):192–199.
131. Pitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, et al. Dental caries. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 3(1):17030.
132. Grembowski D, Fiset L, Spadafora A. How fluoridation affects adult dental caries. J Am Dent Assoc. 1992 123(2):49–54.
133. Mahoney G, Slade GD, Kitchener S, Barnett A. Lifetime fluoridation exposure and dental caries experience in a military population.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2008 36(6):485–492.
References
98. Parnell C, Whelton H, O’Mullane D. Water fluoridation. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2009 10(3):141–148.
99. Murray JJ. Efficacy of preventive agents for dental caries. Systemic fluorides: water fluoridation. Caries Res. 1993 27(Suppl 1):2–8.
100. Ripa LW. A half-century of community water fluoridation in the United States: review and commentary. J Public Health Dent. 1993 53(1):17–44.
101. Arnold FA, Likins RC, Russell AL, Scott DB. Fifteenth year of the Grand Rapids fluoridation study. J Am Dent Assoc. 1962 65(6):780–785.
102. Blayney JR, Hill IN. Fluorine and dental caries. J Am Dent Assoc. 1967 74(2):225–302.
103. Newbrun E. Effectiveness of water fluoridation. J Public Health Dent. 1989 49(5 Spec No):279–289.
104. Kumar JV. Is water fluoridation still necessary? Adv Dent Res. 2008 20(1):8–12.
105. Griffin SO, Gooch BF, Lockwood SA, Tomar SL. Quantifying the diffused benefit from water fluoridation in the United States.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2001 29(2):120–129.
106. Brunelle JA, Carlos JP. Recent trends in dental caries in US children and the effect of water fluoridation. J Dent Res. 1990 69(Spec No:723–
7) discussion 820–823.
107. Lemke CW, Doherty JM, Arra MC. Controlled fluoridation: the dental effects of discontinuation in Antigo, Wisconsin. J Am Dent Assoc.
1970 80(4):782–786.
108. Way RM. The effect on dental caries of a change from a naturally fluoridated to a fluoride-free communal water. J Dent Child. 1964 31:151–
157.
109. Stephen KW, McCall DR, Tullis JI. Caries prevalence in northern Scotland before, and 5 years after, water defluoridation. Br Dent J.
1987 163(10):324–326.
110. Attwood D, Blinkhorn AS. Dental health in schoolchildren 5 years after water fluoridation ceased in south-west Scotland. Int Dent J.
1991 41(1):43–48.
111. Meyer J, Margaritis V, Mendelsohn A. Consequences of community water fluoridation cessation for Medicaid-eligible children and adolescents
in Juneau, Alaska. BMC Oral Health. 2018 18(1):215.
112. Tobias G, Mordechai F, Tali C, et al. The effect of community water fluoridation cessation on children’s dental health: a national experience.
Isr J Health Policy Res. 2022 11(1):4.
113. Meyer J, Margaritis V, Jacob M. The impact of water fluoridation on medicaid-eligible children and adolescents in Alaska. J Prev. (2022)
2022 43(1):111–123.
114. McLaren L, Patterson SK, Faris P, et al. Fluoridation cessation and children’s dental caries: a 7-year follow-up evaluation of Grade 2
schoolchildren in Calgary and Edmonton, Canada. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2022 50(5):391–403.
115. McLaren L, Singhal S. Does cessation of community water fluoridation lead to an increase in tooth decay? A systematic review of published
studies. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2016 70(9):934–940.
116. Yazdanbakhsh E, Bohlouli B, Patterson S, Amin M. Community water fluoride cessation and rate of caries-related pediatric dental treatments
under general anesthesia in Alberta, Canada. Can J Public Health. 2024 115(2):305–314.
117. Nezihovski SS, Findler M, Chackartchi T, et al. The effect of cessation of drinking water fluoridation on dental restorations and crowns in
children aged 3–5 years in Israel -a retrospective study. Isr J Health Policy Res. 2024 13(1):50.
118. Kunzel W, Fischer T. Caries prevalence after cessation of water fluoridation in La Salud, Cuba. Caries Res. 2000 34(1):20–25.
119. Seppa L, Hausen H, Karkkainen S, Larmas M. Caries occurrence in a fluoridated and a non-fluoridated town in Finland: a retrospective study
using longitudinal data from public dental records. Caries Res. 2002 36(5):308–314.
120. Kunzel W, Fischer T, Lorenz R, Bruhmann S. Decline of caries prevalence after the cessation of water fluoridation in the former East Germany.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2000 28(5):382–389.
121. Kalsbeek H, Kwant GW, Groeneveld A, et al. Caries experience of 15-year-old children in The Netherlands after discontinuation of water
fluoridation. Caries Res. 1993 27(3):201–215.
122. Stierman B, Afful J, Carroll MD, et al. National health and nutrition examination survey 2017-March 2020 prepandemic data files-
development of files and prevalence estimates for selected health outcomes. Natl Health Stat Report. 2021 (158):10.15620/cdc:106273.
123. Jackson SL, Vann WF, Jr., Kotch JB, Pahel BT, Lee JY. Impact of poor oral health on children’s school attendance and performance.
Am J Public Health. 2011 101(10):1900–1906.
124. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About oral health. Accessed March 24, 2025. Accessed May 13, 2025.
https://www.cdc.gov/oral-health/about/?CDC_AAref_Val=https://www.cdc.gov/oralhealth/basics/index.html..
125. Griffin SO, Griffin PM, Swann JL, Zlobin N. Estimating rates of new root caries in older adults. J Dent Res. 2004 83(8):634–638.
126. McNally ME, Matthews DC, Clovis JB, Brillant M, Filiaggi MJ. The oral health of ageing baby boomers: a comparison of adults aged 45-64 and
those 65 years and older. Gerodontology. 2014 31(2):123–135.
127. Watt RG. From victim blaming to upstream action: tackling the social determinants of oral health inequalities. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol.
2007 35(1):1–11.
128. Locker D. Deprivation and oral health: a review. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2000 28(3):161–169.
129. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health disparities in oral health. Accessed March 24, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/oral-health/
health-equity/index.html.
130. Hayes RL, Littleton NW, White CL. Posteruptive effects of fluoridation on first permanent molars of children in Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Am J Public Health Nations Health. 1957 47(2):192–199.
131. Pitts NB, Zero DT, Marsh PD, et al. Dental caries. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 3(1):17030.
132. Grembowski D, Fiset L, Spadafora A. How fluoridation affects adult dental caries. J Am Dent Assoc. 1992 123(2):49–54.
133. Mahoney G, Slade GD, Kitchener S, Barnett A. Lifetime fluoridation exposure and dental caries experience in a military population.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2008 36(6):485–492.
