118 l © 2025 American Dental Association
Fluoridation Facts
134. Slade GD, Sanders AE, Do L, Roberts-Thomson K, Spencer AJ. Effects of fluoridated drinking water on dental caries in Australian adults.
J Dent Res. 2013 92(4):376–382.
135. Do L, Ha D, Peres MA, et al. Effectiveness of water fluoridation in the prevention of dental caries across adult age groups.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2017 45(3):225–232.
136. Stangvaltaite-Mouhat L, Puriene A, Stankeviciene I, Aleksejuniene J. Fluoride in the drinking water and dental caries experience by tooth
surface susceptibility among adults. BMC Oral Health. 2021 21(1):234.
137. Brown LJ, Wall TP, Lazar V. Trends in caries among adults 18 to 45 years old. J Am Dent Assoc. 2002 133(7):827–834.
138. Brustman BA. Impact of exposure to fluoride-adequate water on root surface caries in elderly. Gerodontics. 1986 2(6):203–207.
139. Burt BA, Ismail AI, Eklund SA. Root caries in an optimally fluoridated and a high-fluoride community. J Dent Res. 1986 65(9):1154–1158.
140. Hunt RJ, Eldredge JB, Beck JD. Effect of residence in a fluoridated community on the incidence of coronal and root caries in an older adult
population. J Public Health Dent. 1989 49(3):138–141.
141. Whelton HP, Spencer AJ, Do LG, Rugg-Gunn AJ. Fluoride revolution and dental caries: evolution of policies for global use. J Dent Res.
2019 98(8):837–846.
142. National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements. Fluoride: fact sheet for health professionals. Accessed March 21, 2025.
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Fluoride-HealthProfessional/
143. Chou R, Bougatsos C, Griffin J, et al. Screening, referral, behavioral counseling, and preventive interventions for oral health in children and
adolescents ages 5 to 17 years: a systematic review for the US preventive services task force. Rockville (MD), USA: Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality 2023.
144. American Dental Association. Chairside tool: dietary fluoride supplements: evidence-based clinical recommendations. 2010. Accessed March
20, 2025. https://www.ada.org/-/media/project/ada-organization/ada/ada-org/files/resources/research/ada_evidence-based_fluoride_
supplement_chairside_guide.pdf?rev=60850dca0dcc41038efda83d42b1c2e0&hash=FEC2BBEA0C892FB12C098E33344E48B4.
145. American Dental Association. Oral health topic: caries risk assessment and management. Accessed March 20, 2025. https://www.ada.org/
resources/ada-library/oral-health-topics/caries-risk-assessment-and-management.
146. National Academy of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin d, and fluoride. Washington (DC)
1997.
147. Dosage schedule for dietary fluoride supplements. Proceedings of a workshop. Chicago, Illinois, USA. January 31–February 1, 1994.
J Public Health Dent. 1999 59(4):203–281.
148. Marthaler TM. Salt fluoridation and oral health. Acta Med Acad. 2013 42(2):140–155.
149. Gillespie GM, Baez R. Development of salt fluoridation in the Americas. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005 115(8):663–669.
150. Marthaler TM, Pollak GW. Salt fluoridation in Central and Eastern Europe. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005 115(8):670–674.
151. EUROPA. Fluoridation. DG health and consumer protection. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/
opinions_layman/fluoridation/en/l-3/1.htm.
152. Estupinan-Day S. Promoting oral health: the use of salt fluoridation to prevent dental caries. Scientific and Technical Publication: Pan American
Health Organization (PAHO) 2005.
153. Marthaler TM. Increasing the public health effectiveness of fluoridated salt. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005 115(9):785–792.
154. Marthaler TM, Petersen PE. Salt fluoridation--an alternative in automatic prevention of dental caries. Int Dent J. 2005 55(6):351–358.
155. Gillespie GM, Marthaler TM. Cost aspects of salt fluoridation. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005 115(9):778–784.
156. Tramini P. Salt fluoridation in France since 1986. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005 115(8):656–658.
157. Vallejos-Sanchez AA, Medina-Solis CE, Casanova-Rosado JF, et al. Dental fluorosis in cohorts born before, during, and after the national salt
fluoridation program in a community in Mexico. Acta Odontol Scand. 2006 64(4):209–213.
158. Meyer-Lueckel H, Bitter K, Hopfenmuller W, Paris S. Reexamination of caries and fluorosis experience of children in an area of Jamaica with
relatively high fluorosis prevalence. Caries Res. 2009 43(4):250–253.
159. Banoczy J, Rugg-Gunn A, Woodward M. Milk fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries. Acta Med Acad. 2013 42(2):156–167.
160. Marino R, Villa A, Guerrero S. A community trial of fluoridated powdered milk in Chile. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2001 29(6):435–442.
161. Riley JC, Klause BK, Manning CJ, et al. Milk fluoridation: a comparison of dental health in two school communities in England.
Community Dent Health. 2005 22(3):141–145.
162. Petersen PE, Kwan S, Ogawa H. Long-term evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of community milk fluoridation in Bulgaria.
Community Dent Health. 2015 32(4):199–203.
163. Quock RL, Chan JT. Fluoride content of bottled water and its implications for the general dentist. Gen Dent. 2009 57(1):29–33.
164. University of North Carolina Chapel Hill (Responsible Party). Water from bottles to establish strong teeth (waterBEST). ClinicalTrials.gov:
National Library of Medicine Nation Center for Biotechnology Information 2023. Accessed January 25 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/
NCT04893681?distance=50&cond=Dental%20Caries%20in%20Children&term=fluoride%20bottles&aggFilters=status:not%20rec&rank=1.
165. National Archives and Records Administration. Federal Register: 44 Fed. Reg. 42653. Library of congress 1979. Accessed January 25, 2025.
https://www.loc.gov/item/fr044141.
166. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 165.110. National archives. .Accessed May 13, 2025. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/
chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-165/subpart-B/section-165.110
167. US Food and Drug Administration. Final rule: beverages: bottled water. Federal Register 1995. Accessed January 25, 2025.
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1995/11/13/95-27798/beverages-bottled-water.
168. American Dental Association. Policy on bottled water, home water treatment systems and fluoride exposure. Current Policies
(Adopted 1954–2023) 2024. Accessed May 13, 2025. https://www.ada.org/about/governance/current-policies#fluoridation.
Fluoridation Facts
134. Slade GD, Sanders AE, Do L, Roberts-Thomson K, Spencer AJ. Effects of fluoridated drinking water on dental caries in Australian adults.
J Dent Res. 2013 92(4):376–382.
135. Do L, Ha D, Peres MA, et al. Effectiveness of water fluoridation in the prevention of dental caries across adult age groups.
Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2017 45(3):225–232.
136. Stangvaltaite-Mouhat L, Puriene A, Stankeviciene I, Aleksejuniene J. Fluoride in the drinking water and dental caries experience by tooth
surface susceptibility among adults. BMC Oral Health. 2021 21(1):234.
137. Brown LJ, Wall TP, Lazar V. Trends in caries among adults 18 to 45 years old. J Am Dent Assoc. 2002 133(7):827–834.
138. Brustman BA. Impact of exposure to fluoride-adequate water on root surface caries in elderly. Gerodontics. 1986 2(6):203–207.
139. Burt BA, Ismail AI, Eklund SA. Root caries in an optimally fluoridated and a high-fluoride community. J Dent Res. 1986 65(9):1154–1158.
140. Hunt RJ, Eldredge JB, Beck JD. Effect of residence in a fluoridated community on the incidence of coronal and root caries in an older adult
population. J Public Health Dent. 1989 49(3):138–141.
141. Whelton HP, Spencer AJ, Do LG, Rugg-Gunn AJ. Fluoride revolution and dental caries: evolution of policies for global use. J Dent Res.
2019 98(8):837–846.
142. National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements. Fluoride: fact sheet for health professionals. Accessed March 21, 2025.
https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Fluoride-HealthProfessional/
143. Chou R, Bougatsos C, Griffin J, et al. Screening, referral, behavioral counseling, and preventive interventions for oral health in children and
adolescents ages 5 to 17 years: a systematic review for the US preventive services task force. Rockville (MD), USA: Agency for Healthcare
Research and Quality 2023.
144. American Dental Association. Chairside tool: dietary fluoride supplements: evidence-based clinical recommendations. 2010. Accessed March
20, 2025. https://www.ada.org/-/media/project/ada-organization/ada/ada-org/files/resources/research/ada_evidence-based_fluoride_
supplement_chairside_guide.pdf?rev=60850dca0dcc41038efda83d42b1c2e0&hash=FEC2BBEA0C892FB12C098E33344E48B4.
145. American Dental Association. Oral health topic: caries risk assessment and management. Accessed March 20, 2025. https://www.ada.org/
resources/ada-library/oral-health-topics/caries-risk-assessment-and-management.
146. National Academy of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin d, and fluoride. Washington (DC)
1997.
147. Dosage schedule for dietary fluoride supplements. Proceedings of a workshop. Chicago, Illinois, USA. January 31–February 1, 1994.
J Public Health Dent. 1999 59(4):203–281.
148. Marthaler TM. Salt fluoridation and oral health. Acta Med Acad. 2013 42(2):140–155.
149. Gillespie GM, Baez R. Development of salt fluoridation in the Americas. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005 115(8):663–669.
150. Marthaler TM, Pollak GW. Salt fluoridation in Central and Eastern Europe. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005 115(8):670–674.
151. EUROPA. Fluoridation. DG health and consumer protection. Accessed March 21, 2025. https://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/
opinions_layman/fluoridation/en/l-3/1.htm.
152. Estupinan-Day S. Promoting oral health: the use of salt fluoridation to prevent dental caries. Scientific and Technical Publication: Pan American
Health Organization (PAHO) 2005.
153. Marthaler TM. Increasing the public health effectiveness of fluoridated salt. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005 115(9):785–792.
154. Marthaler TM, Petersen PE. Salt fluoridation--an alternative in automatic prevention of dental caries. Int Dent J. 2005 55(6):351–358.
155. Gillespie GM, Marthaler TM. Cost aspects of salt fluoridation. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005 115(9):778–784.
156. Tramini P. Salt fluoridation in France since 1986. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed. 2005 115(8):656–658.
157. Vallejos-Sanchez AA, Medina-Solis CE, Casanova-Rosado JF, et al. Dental fluorosis in cohorts born before, during, and after the national salt
fluoridation program in a community in Mexico. Acta Odontol Scand. 2006 64(4):209–213.
158. Meyer-Lueckel H, Bitter K, Hopfenmuller W, Paris S. Reexamination of caries and fluorosis experience of children in an area of Jamaica with
relatively high fluorosis prevalence. Caries Res. 2009 43(4):250–253.
159. Banoczy J, Rugg-Gunn A, Woodward M. Milk fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries. Acta Med Acad. 2013 42(2):156–167.
160. Marino R, Villa A, Guerrero S. A community trial of fluoridated powdered milk in Chile. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2001 29(6):435–442.
161. Riley JC, Klause BK, Manning CJ, et al. Milk fluoridation: a comparison of dental health in two school communities in England.
Community Dent Health. 2005 22(3):141–145.
162. Petersen PE, Kwan S, Ogawa H. Long-term evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of community milk fluoridation in Bulgaria.
Community Dent Health. 2015 32(4):199–203.
163. Quock RL, Chan JT. Fluoride content of bottled water and its implications for the general dentist. Gen Dent. 2009 57(1):29–33.
164. University of North Carolina Chapel Hill (Responsible Party). Water from bottles to establish strong teeth (waterBEST). ClinicalTrials.gov:
National Library of Medicine Nation Center for Biotechnology Information 2023. Accessed January 25 2025. https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/
NCT04893681?distance=50&cond=Dental%20Caries%20in%20Children&term=fluoride%20bottles&aggFilters=status:not%20rec&rank=1.
165. National Archives and Records Administration. Federal Register: 44 Fed. Reg. 42653. Library of congress 1979. Accessed January 25, 2025.
https://www.loc.gov/item/fr044141.
166. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 165.110. National archives. .Accessed May 13, 2025. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-21/
chapter-I/subchapter-B/part-165/subpart-B/section-165.110
167. US Food and Drug Administration. Final rule: beverages: bottled water. Federal Register 1995. Accessed January 25, 2025.
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/1995/11/13/95-27798/beverages-bottled-water.
168. American Dental Association. Policy on bottled water, home water treatment systems and fluoride exposure. Current Policies
(Adopted 1954–2023) 2024. Accessed May 13, 2025. https://www.ada.org/about/governance/current-policies#fluoridation.
